L’allocation des risques dans les contrats : de l'économie des contrats
« incomplets » à la pratique des contrats administratifs
Thierry Kirat
Risk allocation in contracts : from the economics of incomplete
contracts to the effective practices in administrative contracts Risk
allocation in contracts is an important issue for both economics and law. It
questions the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foundations of
economic and legal analysis. It also offers a valuable ground for comparative
legal-economic inquiry. The article aims at providing some insights into that
general approach, and proceeds with an articulation of theoretical and
empirical analysis. The paper first offers a critical analysis of some key
economics based hypothesis on law, contract law and legal institutions, notably
the courts. It concentrates on various components of the New Institutional
Economics stream that have something to do with the notion of contractual
incompleteness. The emphasis is put on two central issues : the
contract~institutions relationship, and the scope of incompleteness as a guide
for empirical research into the economic dimensions of contract law. The second
part of the article compares and evaluates the significance of the economic
concept of incompleteness and the French legal notion of imprévision, which
relates to a notion that the administrative courts have set up to decide cases
in which the occurrence of unforeseen events affects the contractual equilibria
as set up ex ante. The analysis then moves toward the research of a legal and
empirical translation of uncertainty of the future. The article argues that
positive legal provisions in contract law enable co-contractors to set up a
framework in which the consequences of unforeseen events can be addressed.
Legal provisions such as those which relate to conditional duties, aleatory
contracts, force majeure, fortuitous events, price revision, hardship, are
examples of tools that allow a significant amount of previsibility in
contractual relations, particularilly longterm contracts. We then offer an
empirical analysis of a specific legal notion : imprévision. The analysis is
based on legal data, namely the French Conseil d’État decisions that deal with
a request for compensation by the State of the economic consequences of the
occurrence of unforeseen events for the suppliers. A descriptive statistical
analysis is associated to a study of the legal instructions given by the State
to its contracting officers ; a comparison of price determination provisions
under American procurement and French law of marchés publics is then
made.
• 1 Le contrat de l'économiste... et son « environnement institutionnel » :
l'en-soi du contrat et la vacuité du droit et du juge
— 1.1 Contrats et institutions : l’ontologie du contrat et
l’extériorité des institutions
— 1.2 Le problème de l’incomplétude : les limites du grand écart
entre des « bons contrats » et de « mauvaises institutions »
• 2 De l'incomplétude... à l'imprévision ?
— 2.1 L’incomplétude comme outil d’analyse économique : l’économie
des « Default Rules »
— 2.2 L’incomplétude : de la nécessité de traduire une catégorie
économique en dispositifs juridiques
— 2.3 Incomplétude et imprévision : de faux amis ?
• 3 Comment traduire juridiquement et empiriquement le problème de l'incertitude du futur ?
— 3.1 Incomplétude informationnelle et complétude
juridique
— 3.2 Les dispositifs du droit privé
— 3.3 L’imprévision en droit des contrats administratifs : une
étude empirique
• 4 La détermination du prix et l'allocation des risques dans des contrats « incomplets »
— 4.1 La déterminabilité du prix
— 4.2 La détermination du prix de règlement
— 4.3 La jurisprudence administrative
• Conclusion
• Liste des arrêts du conseil d'état et des cours administratives d'appel
• Références