La concession de service public « à la française » confrontée au droit Européen
Henri Courivaud
Les concessions de service public ont été identifiées comme telles il y a
presque un siècle lorsque la jurisprudence du Conseil d’État s’est mise à l’« école
du service public » mais la technique contractuelle elle-même, la concession,
aujourd’hui très pratiquée en droit continental (« romano-germanique »), remonte
à l’Antiquité romaine. En France surtout, et dans des pays de tradition mercantiliste
(Espagne, Italie, Portugal), la concession est l’une des expressions juridiques les
plus caractéristiques des politiques publiques mises en œuvre par l’État dans la vie
économique et sociale avec le concours d’entreprises désignées à cette fin.
Pourtant, certaines évolutions jurisprudentielles récentes, plus favorables à
l’unilatéralisme des interventions de l’administration, une volonté politique renforcée de moralisation des relations contractuelles de l’État et la définition d’un cadre
communautaire et international de la commande publique cherchent à uniformiser
cette technique contractuelle et à en banaliser le caractère exorbitant sinon étatique.
Cette situation nouvelle est considérée de plus en plus dans les milieux politiques,
comme attentatoire à l’originalité du système concessionnaire. Plus encore, ces
évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives sont critiquées en raison des restrictions
substantielles qu’elles imposeraient à la liberté contractuelle des collectivités
décentralisées et aux prérogatives de l’État concédant dans ses relations avec ses
établissements publics au titre de l’exécution des politiques publiques dans des
secteurs d’activité jugés stratégiques : transports, construction, urbanisme, réseaux
électriques.
Il convient, en la matière, de faire la part des choses entre ces différentes évolutions
et ces critiques de plus en plus véhémentes aujourd’hui.Mots-clés :
concession de service public, droit communautaire général, choix des concessionnaires.
THE FRENCH CONCESSION OF PUBLIC SERVICES
CHALLENGED BY EUROPEAN LAW
The French and continental concession system with their both variants, concession
of public services and contract for public works, belong to an old legal and political
tradition inherited from Roman and pre-revolutionary period. In such circumstances
concession is based on a complex contract which mixes a range of public licenses to
occupy a State property and to use an industrial patent on the one hand ; a range of
public delegations in order to work utilities with special sovereign rights (monopoly,
delegated regulation, exclusive rights) on the other hand. A concession system
combines accordingly carrying out public works, a commercial or an industrial
trade and carrying out public prerogatives in exerting police regulations aimed at
managing these utilities with a view to fulfilling and achieving social and political
purposes.
This system face challenges nowadays and is situated at crossroads that condition
its future. Two topical influences may question the political importance that such
concessions or such contracts may reveal as a legal implementation of a public
policy initiated by the government and local authorities and enforced by statutory
companies with exclusive rights.
The first influence comes from European law constructed by the Commission and the
Court of Justice. In order to give a full, complete and useful effect to EC-objectives
(«l’effet utile»), and specially the so-called « economic four liberties » (goods,
services, persons, capital), this concession system how immaterial to European
regulation it may be apparently, must comply with an economic and comprehensive
approach deriving from competition as far as the State as a contracting person for
goods, services and investments at large is concerned. From an European point of
view concession actually must amount to a mere confrontation of a mere demand
written by a mere buyer – even a State-owned one, or an authority – and a mere offer
presented by companies put at the same level of competition without discrimination
(nationality, competence, legal position). This compliance is deducted from Commission Green or White Papers and communications on public purchase orders (for
instance, communication on concessions, April 29th, 2000), and Court of Justice
decree (mainly Telaustria case, December 7th, 2000) concerning EC regulations on
tenders organised by public bodies or concerning public essential facilities.
But such a compliance faces a sharp criticism too, raised by French politicians
(through the « reciprocity » theme) and experts in laws governing relationship
between public authorities and citizens or private body corporates («la doctrine du
droit administratif»). They underline and stress their criticism on an European bias
towards a short term approach derived from international conglomerates’
experience on the one hand, an European way of ignoring the State as an organizer
of economic life through purchase orders and tenders on the other hand. On the
contrary they explain that a concession system is mainly aimed at a long term policy
which consists of an investment organisation in order to fulfil much more than plain
economic objectives. In other words, they say concession means a priority-way of
State intervention, combines with State managed companies or industries and finally
implements «service public» objectives.
The second influence comes from internal law in the way it deals with self-government principles as far as local authorities are concerned. A double trend is
newly seen through a set of laws pertaining contracts signed by these authorities and
through case-laws given by the highest administrative jurisdiction («le Conseil
d’État») in the way it defines and describes a concession system. This trend leads to
a reduction of powers entitled and exerted by local authorities organizing economic
life. In other words, these law restricting freedom of contracting for fear of new forms
of corruption (mainly, «loi Sapin», January 29th, 1993), these case-laws reducing
the genuiness of a «service public» concession (Conseil d’État, decree «Compagnie luxembourgeoise de télévision», April 16th, 1986) have questioned the way
these local authorities chose their statutory company for a long term contract without
organising a competitive examination through tenders and contract specifications
(i.e. a choice from «intuitu personae»).
More than this, all these internal laws and case-laws meet and are suitable with these
European requirements of transparency, non-discrimination imposed by EC
regulations and directives on public bodies dealing with companies and strengthen
such a reduction in freedom of contracting at the expense of local authorities. Critics
question the consistency of this second (European) trend viewed as a «banalisation»
of concession system joined to a variant of a public tender – «délégation de service
public» –, with constitutional principles.
• 1 INTRODUCTION
— 1.1 La concession, une notion juridique multiforme
— 1.2 La concession, un enjeu politique
— 1.3 La fragilité de l’argumentaire politique français
en faveur de la concession
• 2 L’AMBIGUÏTÉ DU DROIT COMMUNAUTAIRE
VIS-À-VIS DE LA CONCESSION DE SERVICE PUBLIC
—
(la problématique de la « réciprocité »)
— 2.1 L’absence de volonté communautaire pour encadrer
la concession de service public « à la française »
— 2.2 La remise en cause des exclusivités attribuées
aux entreprises concessionnaires par les principes
du marché commun général
• 3 LES LIMITATIONS IMPOSÉES EN FRANCE
À LA LIBERTÉ DE CHOIX DES CONCESSIONNAIRES (la question de l’intuitu personae attaché aux concessions
de service public)
— 3.1 L’amoindrissement de la liberté contractuelle attachée
à la concession
— 3.2 L’aggravation par le droit communautaire des restrictions
imposées par le droit français à la liberté contractuelle
des collectivités locales
• 4 CONCLUSION
— 4.1 L’absence de consensus à l’échelle communautaire
sur le maintien du statut actuel des concessions
— 4.2 Une situation que la France explique par le caractère
absolutiste qui, en droit communautaire et international,
serait attaché à la vision du marché