Conflits entre noms de domaine et marques (renommées) : l’approche OMPI
Alexandre Defossez
Adoptée en 1999, la procédure de règlement des conflits relatifs aux noms
de domaine (UDRP) connut immédiatement un immense succès. Toutefois, cette
procédure, pour utilisée qu’elle soit comme en témoignent les statistiques à ce sujet,
n’en demeure pas moins peu connue. Au départ, l’OMPI avait proposé la création
de mécanismes spécifiques à la protection des marques renommées/notoires, sans
succès toutefois.
L’UDRP définit les critères nécessaires et suffisants pour démontrer que le titulaire
d’un nom de domaine a enregistré celui-ci de manière abusive. La jurisprudence des
panels OMPI a eu l’occasion, depuis cinq ans, de développer des concepts et des
interprétations relatives à ces critères. Le problème du conflit entre les marques et
la liberté d’expression se pose également avec acuité dans le cadre du « suck site »;
ce dernier est toutefois généralement analysé de la même manière qu’un conflit
classique. La jurisprudence montre également que les marques renommées bénéficient d’un « traitement de faveur » de la part des panels OMPI.Mots-clés :
nom de domaine, marque, cybersquatting, .eu, UDRP, propriété intellec, tuelle.
The nineties revealed the growing economic importance of Internet – and consequently
domain names – for the worldwide visibility of undertakings. However, so-called
« cybersquatters » often usurped trademarks and other distinctive signs in order to
deceive internet users or to get some profits by selling agreements. They remained
unpunished most of the time because of the inadequacy of traditional responses to this
mostly international issue. Therefore the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution
Policy (UDRP) has been established mainly on trademark holders’ demand to tackle this
problem.
This procedure allows for a fast and cheap dispute settlement system put into force by
several arbitration centres among which the World Intellectual Property Organization
is the most important. However, even if this procedure has been applied now since 1999,
it still is weak as regards the safeguard of due process principles. Moreover, an analysis
of the decisions rendered by WIPO panels shows some discrepancies between panel
decisions leading to legal uncertainty.
Special attention has been given in the first WIPO Report to the « well-known or famous
marks ». Two special mechanisms were provided : the exclusion as a gTLD registration
of such trademarks and a stay of registration during the alternative dispute settlement
procedure. None of them were finally put into place. Nevertheless, « famous »
trademarks actually clearly enjoy favourable treatment in WIPO « case law ».
Regarding general requirements necessary in order to disqualify a domain name, three
conditions must be fulfilled. First, the domain name must be identical or confusingly
similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights (which is
easier to demonstrate for famous marks). Second, the respondent should have no rights
or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name. Third, the domain name must have
been registered and be used in bad faith (which is almost always the case when famous
marks are involved). Theoretically, these conditions seem well balanced, and, if strictly
applied, are acceptable. However, in practice, some theories or ways of constructing
these requirements show a « pro-trademark bias », e.g. the « opportunistic bad faith »
test. This led some scholars to harshly criticize this procedure. Also the « success by
default » trend – as one author called it – has a clear influence upon the final outcome
of decisions reached by the panels.
Finally, the « suck site » issue also reveals tensions between trademark protection and
freedom of speech. The balance is hard to find in this matter and a few decisions only –
all issued by American panellists – favoured the latter at the expense of the former.
Ensuring effectiveness of the procedure and balanced decisions is of major importance
as UDRP is the principal blueprint for any alternative dispute settlement procedure
regarding domain name litigation, which is or which might be put into operation
elsewhere in the world.Keywords :
domain name, trademark, cybersquatting, .eu, UDRP, intellectual property.
• 1 INTRODUCTION
• 2 HISTORIQUE
• 3 LA DÉFINITION DE LA « MARQUE RENOMMÉE
OU NOTOIRE » SELON L’OMPI
— 3.1 La situation rêvée : exclusion et présomption
— 3.2 La situation actuelle : présomption
• 4 ANALYSE DES DÉCISIONS DE L’OMPI
— 4.1 Le cybersquatting : définition
— 4.2 L’approche OMPI du cybersquatting : le § 4 UDRP
— 4.3 La parodie et les « suck sites »
• 5 CONCLUSION